The front (north) and rear (south) end-pieces together show the entire nearside as a very clear 54 cm diameter disk (the US Air Force Lunar Reference Mosaic). How to use the atlas / Lunar names / Apollo missions.Techniques of Lunar Flight: Orbital flight, Paths to the moon, How the Apollo flights were made.The Lunar Landscape: Mountains, Craters, Rilles, Scarps, Rays, Valleys, Ridges, Maria, Origins, Mascons, Geology.Mapping the Moon: History, Modern techniques.The Moon: Size and mass, Rotation, Orbit, Librations, Tides, Phases, Physical data.Some of this is still useful, some quite amusing. The Index lists the principal names and the page numbers on which they are found.Īdditional Information The maps are preceded by 37 pages of introductory material. Contours are shown on some (but not all), just as on the LAC series. "The background colouring indicates the albedo.". They are light beige with grey shaded relief. As with the original LAC's, the maps cover most of the near side but do not extend to the limb. ![]() The ACIC's 44 LAC maps have been subdivided (without the original marginal information) into 55 two-page spreads (numbered 1.110) with small overlaps at the edges, an index map and pointers to the adjoining sheet numbers (as in a road atlas). The book is hard covered with pages 34 cm high by 29 cm wide. "The maps are at a scale of approximately 20 miles to one inch," which means that they are reduced by approximately 1/3 to 1:1,267,200. However, more research is needed to understand the full history, present, and future of water on the Moon.Description Published in 1969 by Times Newspapers Limited, this atlas is "based on the magnificent work of the U.S.A.F., whose 1:1,000,000 Lunar Charts have been used with their permission." In other words, the LAC series. There is evidence that the water on the Moon comes from ancient and current comet impacts, icy micrometeorites colliding on the lunar surface, and lunar dust interactions with the solar wind. Lunar scientists continue to investigate the origins of water and its behavior. Researchers have confirmed that water exists both in the sunlit and shadowed surfaces of the Moon, yet many questions remain. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio/Ernie Wright Although the right side of the region is drier overall, water can still be seen tracing the insides of craters in light blue. The inner wall of the crater’s upper half is clearly delineated in dark blue, indicating a greater presence of water on this shady surface. Halfway down the left side of the region is Moretus Crater. ![]() Near the top left of the studied region, a ridge is visible in dark blue, where the water is particularly concentrated on the shady side of a steep lunar feature. We now know these spots to be plains of basalt created by early volcanic eruptions, but the nomenclature of ‘maria’ (plural) or ‘mare’ (singular) remains. Similar maps from Johannes Hevelius (1647), Giovanni Riccioli and Francesco Grimaldi (1651) were published over the next few years. In 1645, Dutch astronomer Michael van Langren published the first-known map of the Moon referring to the dark spots as “maria” – the Latin word for “seas” – and putting into writing the widely-held view that the marks were oceans on the lunar surface. When early astronomers looked up at the Moon, they were struck by the large, dark spots on its surface. Here is a brief history of the discoveries leading up to the confirmation of water on the Moon. In 2020, data from NASA’s SOFIA mission confirmed water exists in the sunlit area of the lunar surface as molecules of H 2O embedded within, or perhaps sticking to the surface of, grains of lunar dust. What’s big, covered in water, yet 100 times drier than the Sahara Desert? It’s not a riddle, it’s the Moon! For centuries, astronomers debated whether water exists on Earth’s closest neighbor. Explore this history in an interactive timeline ›
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